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571.92 Tm <736572766963653F27> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 543.84 Tm <4920> Tj 1 0 0 1 97.44 543.84 Tm <756E6465727374616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 153.12 544.08 Tm <7468617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 174.24 544.08 Tm <6578656D7074696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 227.76 544.32 Tm <6D617920> Tj 1 0 0 1 251.28 544.32 Tm <626520> Tj 1 0 0 1 265.92 544.32 Tm <6D61646520> Tj 1 0 0 1 294.48 544.32 Tm <627920> Tj 1 0 0 1 309.36 544.32 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 327.36 544.32 Tm <4143434320> Tj 1 0 0 1 363.36 544.56 Tm <696620> Tj 1 0 0 1 373.68 544.56 Tm <697420> Tj 1 0 0 1 383.52 544.56 Tm <697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 394.56 544.56 Tm <73617469736669656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 436.80 544.80 Tm <7468617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 457.92 544.80 Tm <646F696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 488.40 544.80 Tm <736F> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 530.16 Tm <77696C6C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 112.32 530.64 Tm <70726F6D6F746520> Tj 1 0 0 1 155.28 530.40 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 173.28 530.40 Tm <6C6F6E672D7465726D20> Tj 1 0 0 1 223.44 530.40 Tm <696E7465726573747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 266.64 530.40 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 279.36 530.40 Tm <656E642D757365727320> Tj 1 0 0 1 328.56 530.64 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 341.52 530.64 Tm <636172726961676520> Tj 1 0 0 1 383.28 530.64 Tm <736572766963657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 424.56 530.88 Tm <6F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 437.52 530.88 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 450.72 530.88 Tm <7365727669636573> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 516.48 Tm <70726F766964656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 136.32 516.24 Tm <627920> Tj 1 0 0 1 151.44 516.48 Tm <6D65616E7320> Tj 1 0 0 1 185.04 516.48 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 198.24 516.48 Tm <636172726961676520> Tj 1 0 0 1 239.76 516.48 Tm <73657276696365732C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 284.16 516.72 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 304.08 516.72 Tm <7468617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 325.68 516.72 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 337.68 516.72 Tm <7265616368696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 382.32 516.96 Tm <6120> Tj 1 0 0 1 390.72 516.96 Tm <6465636973696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 433.20 517.20 Tm <72656761726420> Tj 1 0 0 1 466.80 517.20 Tm <6D75737420> Tj 1 0 0 1 493.20 517.20 Tm <6265> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 502.32 Tm 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301.92 72.24 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 319.44 72.24 Tm <4E657720> Tj 1 0 0 1 346.56 72.24 Tm <5A65616C616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 387.60 72.24 Tm <476F7665726E6D656E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 450.24 72.72 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 462.72 72.72 Tm <69747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 477.12 72.72 Tm <32303036> Tj 0.24 Tc /F3 9.0 Tf 1 0 0 1 236.40 29.04 Tm <53746174656D656E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 278.64 29.04 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 289.20 29.04 Tm <50726F666573736F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 329.76 29.28 Tm <4D617274696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 359.52 29.28 Tm <43617665> Tj ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj 17404 endobj 5 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 7 0 R >> stream Statement by Professor Martin Cave of Warwick Business School, University ofWarwick, UK for Mallesons Stephen Jaques on Infrastructure InvestmentConsideration in relation to Telstra's Request for a PSTN Originating Access(OA) exemption.I. IntroductionI have been asked by Mallesons Stephen Jaques to prepare a report answering thefollowing question: 'would granting Telstra's PSTN OA exemption be likely to encourageefficient investment in alternative infrastructure for the purposes of Part XICof the Trade Practices Act 1974 by removing the scope for reliance on thatservice?'I understand that exemption may be made by the ԭ if it is satisfied that doing sowill promote the long-term interests of end-users of carriage services or of servicesprovided by means of carriage services, and that in reaching a decision regard must behad to whether an exemption is likely to result in the achievement of the followingobjectives:"(c) the objective of promoting competition in markets for listed services; (e) the objective of encouraging the economically efficient use of, and theeconomically efficient investment in: (i) the infrastructure by which listed services are supplied; and(ii) any other infrastructure by which listed services are, or are likely tobecome, capable of being supplied."I understand that listed services include voice and broadband services.I will seek to answer the above-noted question by reference to an approach to theanalysis of incentives to infrastructure investment known as the 'stepping stones' or'ladder of investment' hypothesis (the latter term will be used here throughout).According to the positive or descriptive part of this hypothesis, competitors challengean incumbent by offering services which rely, as their market share rises, less and lesson the incumbent's assets and more and more on their own. Thus, competitorsprogressively build out their networks closer and closer to their customers. Thisdescriptive hypothesis is accompanied by a normative proposition, that regulatorsshould use the instruments available to them to encourage this process. Theunderlying goal is thus to achieve the maximum feasible level of infrastructurecompetition, but falls short of encouraging inefficient entry.The normative component of the 'ladder of investment' has been adopted by a numberof regulators and governments: by the European Regulators Group (ERG) and bymany national regulators in Europe, and by the New Zealand Government in its 2006 Statement of Professor Martin Cave endstream endobj 7 0 obj 2513 endobj 8 0 obj << /Length 27 >> stream % CANON_PFINF_TYPE0_TEXTON endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /Length 44 >> stream q 595.20 0 0 841.68 0.00 0.00 cm /Obj2 Do Q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.20 841.68 ] /Parent 11 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F3 5 0 R >> /XObject << /Obj2 2 0 R >> /Subtype 6 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Contents [ 8 0 R 9 0 R 3 0 R ] >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 2480 /Height 3507 /BitsPerComponent 1 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 2480 >> /Length 53094 >> stream 3ʖV5Vv(ˣ\CyN!FmK\]~v&T,)`PrtvL.W՝ٙ*L  lhƈ9dC *aUDõj:== PA4k"itBIou{M4D_:Vɽi&Ĭ__}Zi7^tm'k#*k P̈́5tYxA,  [ nBpa4l(\a"!RLBppy a0A >)00  0L&G< a4S M(84]Ƃsbai7_a 4 ~i¦SL8p TMDxL a4X7 8|"p*.Txйwth |.:a\UonE6^&m4ӺO[ V/_6߫z]{uOT]~պ|v[һ/׭7^Jj_U}Hچ?'bjK~ o-- t?*m#!]o+B,>Wax"wk9/1w /}[ Wk /{?woDD~ZG ~vzH.uo6ݠmk}xn+_dM.VD(oK߽i~{A܆$(-okHK*/{$'G>~ZVzOod_oB mo^.7]l$V([B^ҵ[o/wV0 'ٵIkl0i6ekk]i7]a-}Uumo^tcmm6*e9 ;l%ݦi` 0 m] k_!GIOl-ﯰa;X0q Z#ci&h0A4:bٴL}#.=cn ի ąᄢaҴ H6 qAȐb 'GH"> a6bamXn6#[ qMON%m|06!GZl0i4 i 5 mu l2GA )QXkT6(uH6A 0j D~0 iAlPA5MB *iN(rǒ)ᓢC`DDDDDDDDq 0a(&᠛AT*j‚[VL VU 8j iP &  20D#uGM`4Իa@0DDDDDDDA4QÈ&渝AFﰻVJHR$+ b 0 !40 DrZeb'`Z',FF@Rd MSX\97d;L(Bv k'M0VX8}W]@t]&H'm?3TxpvvM x⾷!Vg+뮫]oׯUߪ ד|D $=W U;63C1˰gA gh28 0ur["FkgXFt|<. 0 L(O M{ >k(&՝Q@3f2FpgAL BA2a𗑆Byc t.!G)@0A (ABa":M*-ꦂe ^fBGE:]D}ld&P+"<3 4CA&  0`L T0   (P.M04\hhxa73FH= m;äOAtkp$ h":~-0…>n.66転NÄ L%Z6T*h h {Ozå.wd}([Oo}zWD]Z/6 w E'2Ƃ qi9plc^xAapቡm\2.Uȸw]'Twa>>>;A zO#Ro]nR{dx; -zmM/ZOӥr\IM ޟK뮵z~:~Xcz ~OMktuJ7M}Vj_M~އЅ[vVC=нm-}0N 0DN@EF"""""""""""""""""""я{ISRڥ x0E[ D!b"v ة& \̻$@6v@V84az 0  5 #ڪ45 4\#Aèwpݦ6a޷vRab'h wkv׉! 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738.48 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 253.20 738.48 Tm <6D6178696D6973696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 313.44 738.48 Tm <65636F6E6F6D6963616C6C7920> Tj 1 0 0 1 380.64 738.96 Tm <656666696369656E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 423.60 738.96 Tm <696E667261737472756374757265> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 724.32 Tm <636F6D7065746974696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 150.96 724.32 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 171.36 724.32 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 183.84 724.56 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 201.60 724.56 Tm <726F6C6520> Tj 1 0 0 1 223.44 724.56 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 236.16 724.56 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 254.16 724.56 Tm <6C616464657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 287.04 724.56 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 300.24 724.80 Tm <696E766573746D656E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 355.68 724.80 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 368.16 724.80 Tm <616368696576696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 417.36 725.04 Tm <7468617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 438.72 725.04 Tm <6F7574636F6D652E6C> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 710.40 Tm <5468697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 114.96 710.64 Tm <697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 126.00 710.64 Tm <6465737069746520> Tj 1 0 0 1 162.72 710.64 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 180.72 710.64 Tm <6661637420> Tj 1 0 0 1 201.12 710.64 Tm <7468617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 222.24 710.64 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 240.24 710.64 Tm <6C616464657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 273.12 710.64 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 286.32 710.88 Tm <696E766573746D656E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 341.76 710.88 Tm <7468656F727920> Tj 1 0 0 1 375.36 711.12 Tm <72656D61696E7320> Tj 1 0 0 1 416.16 711.12 Tm <6E6F20> Tj 1 0 0 1 431.28 711.36 Tm <6D6F726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 458.88 711.36 Tm <7468616E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 482.64 711.36 Tm <61> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.48 696.72 Tm <6879706F7468657369732C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 148.08 696.96 Tm <617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 161.28 696.72 Tm <736369656E746966696320> Tj 1 0 0 1 207.60 696.96 Tm <74657374696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 242.88 696.96 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 255.84 696.96 Tm <616E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 270.24 697.20 Tm <696D7072656369736520> Tj 1 0 0 1 319.68 697.44 Tm <70726F706F736974696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 377.52 697.44 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 390.24 697.44 Tm <7468697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 410.64 697.44 Tm <6B696E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 435.12 697.68 Tm <72656D61696E73> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.48 683.28 Tm <70726F626C656D617469632E> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 654.96 Tm <496E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 104.16 654.96 Tm <53656374696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 142.80 655.20 Tm <322C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 154.80 655.20 Tm <4920> Tj 1 0 0 1 162.00 654.96 Tm <73657420> Tj 1 0 0 1 178.08 654.96 Tm <6F757420> Tj 1 0 0 1 196.08 655.20 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 214.08 655.20 Tm <617070726F61636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 261.12 655.20 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 273.60 655.68 Tm <67656E6572616C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 311.52 655.20 Tm <7465726D732C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 344.40 655.44 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 364.80 655.44 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 377.28 655.44 Tm <53656374696F6E7320> Tj 1 0 0 1 420.72 655.68 Tm <332D352C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 442.80 655.92 Tm <4920> Tj 1 0 0 1 449.76 655.68 Tm <73686F7720> Tj 1 0 0 1 477.84 655.92 Tm <686F77> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.96 641.04 Tm <697420> Tj 1 0 0 1 100.80 641.04 Tm <697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 111.60 641.04 Tm <6170706C696361626C6520> Tj 1 0 0 1 163.68 641.28 Tm <746F20> Tj 1 0 0 1 175.92 641.28 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 193.92 641.28 Tm <4F4120> Tj 1 0 0 1 214.32 641.28 Tm <6578656D7074696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 268.08 641.28 Tm <6465636973696F6E2E> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.96 613.68 Tm <322220> Tj 1 0 0 1 106.56 613.68 Tm <54686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 126.96 613.68 Tm <6C6164646572> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.44 585.12 Tm <496E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 104.16 585.12 Tm <616E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 118.32 585.12 Tm <6561726C69652C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 153.12 585.84 Tm <70757022722C324920> Tj 1 0 0 1 195.84 585.36 Tm <73657420> Tj 1 0 0 1 212.16 585.36 Tm <6F757420> Tj 1 0 0 1 230.16 585.36 Tm <686F7720> Tj 1 0 0 1 253.92 585.36 Tm <726567756C61746F727320> Tj 1 0 0 1 305.04 585.36 Tm <63616E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 324.72 585.60 Tm <656E636F757261676520> Tj 1 0 0 1 376.80 585.84 Tm <696E66726173747275637475726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 444.48 585.84 Tm <636F6D7065746974696F6E> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.96 571.20 Tm <627920> Tj 1 0 0 1 106.08 571.44 Tm <6372656174696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 147.60 571.44 Tm <696E63656E746976657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 199.44 572.16 Tm <28706F73697469766520> Tj 1 0 0 1 244.32 571.44 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 264.48 571.68 Tm <6E656761746976652920> Tj 1 0 0 1 312.24 571.68 Tm <666F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 329.52 571.68 Tm <6F70657261746F727320> Tj 1 0 0 1 376.32 571.92 Tm <746F20> Tj 1 0 0 1 388.80 571.92 Tm <6275696C6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 416.88 571.92 Tm <6F757420> Tj 1 0 0 1 435.36 572.16 Tm <636C6F73657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 466.32 572.16 Tm <746F> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.20 557.52 Tm <637573746F6D6572732C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 145.68 557.52 Tm <696E76657374696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 192.72 557.76 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 205.20 557.76 Tm <737563636573736976656C7920> Tj 1 0 0 1 268.08 557.76 Tm <6C65737320> Tj 1 0 0 1 288.72 557.76 Tm <7265706C696361626C6520> Tj 1 0 0 1 339.36 558.00 Tm <6173736574732E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 373.20 558.00 Tm <5468697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 397.44 558.00 Tm <6163636F756E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 438.00 558.24 Tm <697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 448.80 558.24 Tm <626173656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 479.04 558.24 Tm <6F6E> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.72 543.60 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 108.48 543.60 Tm <6E6F726D616C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 145.68 543.84 Tm <63697263756D7374616E63657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 216.72 543.84 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 228.96 543.84 Tm <776869636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 261.36 543.84 Tm <61636365737320> Tj 1 0 0 1 294.96 543.84 Tm <697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 306.24 543.84 Tm <736F7567687420> Tj 1 0 0 1 340.80 544.08 Tm <627920> Tj 1 0 0 1 355.68 544.08 Tm <6120> Tj 1 0 0 1 364.32 544.08 Tm <636F6D70657469746F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 418.80 544.56 Tm <776869636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 451.44 544.56 Tm <68617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 470.16 544.56 Tm <6E6F74> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.20 529.92 Tm <616C726561647920> Tj 1 0 0 1 129.36 529.92 Tm <636F6E737472756374656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 187.92 530.16 Tm <616E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 202.08 529.92 Tm <656E642D746F2D656E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 256.80 530.16 Tm <6E6574776F726B20> Tj 1 0 0 1 299.28 530.16 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 311.52 530.16 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 329.52 530.64 Tm <67656F67726170686963616C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 395.28 530.40 Tm <6172656120> Tj 1 0 0 1 417.12 530.64 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 429.12 530.64 Tm <776869636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 461.76 530.64 Tm <697420> Tj 1 0 0 1 471.60 530.64 Tm <6973> Tj 0.72 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.44 515.76 Tm <7365656B696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 130.80 516.00 Tm <6163636573732E> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.20 487.92 Tm <496E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 104.40 487.92 Tm <73756D6D6172792C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 154.56 488.16 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 172.80 488.16 Tm <737465707320> Tj 1 0 0 1 199.44 488.16 Tm <696E766F6C76656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 244.08 490.80 Tm <2D20> Tj 1 0 0 1 253.44 488.16 Tm <617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 266.64 488.16 Tm <73657420> Tj 1 0 0 1 282.72 488.16 Tm <6F757420> Tj 1 0 0 1 301.20 488.16 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 313.20 488.16 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 331.20 488.40 Tm <6561726C69657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 364.32 488.88 Tm <706170657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 393.60 491.04 Tm <2D20> Tj 1 0 0 1 403.20 488.64 Tm <61726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 420.96 488.64 Tm <617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 433.92 488.64 Tm <666F6C6C6F77733A> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 90.96 460.32 Tm <5374657020> Tj 1 0 0 1 115.92 460.56 Tm <6C3A20> Tj 1 0 0 1 127.20 460.56 Tm <52616E6B20> Tj 1 0 0 1 155.52 460.56 Tm <7265706C696361626C6520> Tj 1 0 0 1 205.92 460.56 Tm <636F6D706F6E656E747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 267.12 460.56 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 279.60 460.56 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 297.36 460.80 Tm <76616C756520> Tj 1 0 0 1 326.64 460.80 Tm <636861696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 355.20 460.80 Tm <666F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 372.00 461.04 Tm <72656C6576616E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 413.52 461.52 Tm <70726F647563747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 458.16 461.04 Tm <627920> Tj 1 0 0 1 472.80 461.28 Tm <7468656972> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.20 446.64 Tm <6561736520> Tj 1 0 0 1 150.96 446.64 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 163.68 446.64 Tm <7265706C69636162696C69747920> Tj 1 0 0 1 224.88 446.64 Tm <617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 237.84 446.64 Tm <64657363726962656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 286.80 446.88 Tm <61626F76652E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 321.60 446.88 Tm <5468697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 345.84 447.12 Tm <696E766F6C76657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 389.28 447.12 Tm <6576616C756174696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 442.32 447.36 Tm <656D7069726963616C> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.44 432.72 Tm <65766964656E636520> Tj 1 0 0 1 172.80 432.72 Tm <6F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 185.76 432.72 Tm <6D6F64656C6C696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 237.60 432.72 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 250.80 432.72 Tm <636F737420> Tj 1 0 0 1 273.36 432.72 Tm <737472756374757265732E> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.20 404.40 Tm <5374657020> Tj 1 0 0 1 117.36 404.64 Tm <323A20> Tj 1 0 0 1 132.24 404.64 Tm <4964656E7469667920> Tj 1 0 0 1 175.44 404.64 Tm <776865726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 210.48 404.64 Tm <6F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 227.52 404.64 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 247.92 404.64 Tm <6C616464657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 283.20 404.64 Tm <616C6C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 300.72 404.88 Tm <6669726D7320> Tj 1 0 0 1 331.68 405.36 Tm <28696E63756D62656E747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 396.00 405.12 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 418.80 405.12 Tm <656E7472616E74732920> Tj 1 0 0 1 466.32 405.12 Tm <61726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 486.00 405.36 Tm <6E6F77> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.44 390.96 Tm <6C6F63617465642C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 169.68 390.96 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 191.52 390.96 Tm <63686F6F736520> Tj 1 0 0 1 229.44 390.96 Tm <6120> Tj 1 0 0 1 238.80 391.44 Tm <706F696E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 268.56 390.96 Tm <6F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 284.88 390.96 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 304.32 391.20 Tm <6C616464657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 338.40 391.20 Tm <776869636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 372.48 391.20 Tm <6120> Tj 1 0 0 1 382.32 391.44 Tm <6C656164696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 422.16 391.44 Tm <636F6D70657469746F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 478.56 391.68 Tm <6D69676874> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.20 377.04 Tm <7265616C6973746963616C6C7920> Tj 1 0 0 1 186.48 377.04 Tm <61747461696E2E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 219.12 377.04 Tm <5468697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 243.60 377.28 Tm <696D706F73657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 286.08 377.04 Tm <6F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 300.96 377.28 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 318.96 377.28 Tm <726567756C61746F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 364.80 377.52 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 382.56 377.52 Tm <7461736B20> Tj 1 0 0 1 405.12 377.52 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 418.32 377.52 Tm <63686F6F73696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 464.40 377.76 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 481.92 378.24 Tm <706F696E74> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.44 363.12 Tm <6F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 143.52 363.36 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 162.96 363.36 Tm <6C616464657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 197.04 363.36 Tm <617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 209.76 363.36 Tm <776869636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 243.12 363.36 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 262.56 363.36 Tm <696E74657276656E74696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 325.20 363.60 Tm <73686F756C6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 361.20 363.60 Tm <7374696C6C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 383.04 363.60 Tm <626520> Tj 1 0 0 1 398.88 363.84 Tm <6170706C6965642E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 441.60 363.84 Tm <5468697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 467.04 363.84 Tm <6465636973696F6E> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.44 349.20 Tm <77696C6C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 151.20 349.20 Tm <626520> Tj 1 0 0 1 167.52 349.20 Tm <626173656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 199.92 349.20 Tm <6F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 216.96 349.44 Tm <616E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 233.52 349.20 Tm <616E616C7973697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 277.20 349.20 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 291.84 349.44 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 312.24 349.44 Tm <7363616C6520> Tj 1 0 0 1 341.04 349.44 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 363.12 349.92 Tm <70726F73706563747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 413.76 349.68 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 428.40 349.92 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 448.56 349.92 Tm <6F70657261746F727320> Tj 1 0 0 1 498.00 349.92 Tm <6174> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.44 335.28 Tm <766172696F757320> Tj 1 0 0 1 167.04 335.76 Tm <706F696E74732C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 203.76 335.52 Tm <7769746820> Tj 1 0 0 1 229.92 335.28 Tm <6120> Tj 1 0 0 1 239.52 335.28 Tm <6269617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 263.28 335.52 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 277.20 335.52 Tm <6661766F757220> Tj 1 0 0 1 312.72 335.52 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 326.88 335.76 Tm <7768617420> Tj 1 0 0 1 354.48 335.76 Tm <6D6967687420> Tj 1 0 0 1 386.88 335.76 Tm <626520> Tj 1 0 0 1 402.72 335.76 Tm <64657363726962656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 453.36 336.00 Tm <617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 468.24 341.28 Tm <276C656164696E67> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.68 321.36 Tm <636F6D70657469746F7273272C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 195.60 321.60 Tm <646566696E656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 235.92 321.60 Tm <617320> Tj 1 0 0 1 249.84 321.60 Tm <74686F736520> Tj 1 0 0 1 279.60 321.60 Tm <6D6F726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 308.88 321.60 Tm <616476616E63656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 358.08 321.84 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 371.52 321.84 Tm <746865697220> Tj 1 0 0 1 398.16 322.08 Tm <696E66726173747275637475726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 466.80 322.08 Tm <6275696C64696E67> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.68 307.68 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 148.32 307.68 Tm <73617469736666696E6720> Tj 1 0 0 1 197.76 307.68 Tm <6120> Tj 1 0 0 1 205.92 307.68 Tm <6D696E696D756D20> Tj 1 0 0 1 255.60 307.68 Tm <6D61726B657420> Tj 1 0 0 1 292.56 307.68 Tm <736861726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 320.64 307.92 Tm <637269746572696F6E2E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 373.44 308.16 Tm <54686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 395.28 308.16 Tm <636F6E76656E74696F6E616C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 460.08 308.40 Tm <6C616464657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 492.96 308.40 Tm <666F72> Tj 0.48 Tc 1 0 0 1 127.44 293.76 Tm <62726F616462616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 181.44 293.76 Tm <73657276696365732E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 225.36 294.00 Tm <746F20> Tj 1 0 0 1 237.84 294.00 Tm <776869636820> Tj 1 0 0 1 270.72 294.00 Tm <4920> Tj 1 0 0 1 277.44 294.00 Tm <72657665727420> Tj 1 0 0 1 308.40 294.00 Tm <62656C6F772E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 343.68 294.24 Tm <697320> Tj 1 0 0 1 354.72 294.24 Tm <73686F776E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 389.04 294.24 Tm <696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 401.52 294.48 Tm <66696775726520> Tj 1 0 0 1 434.16 294.48 Tm <312E> Tj 0.48 Tc /F3 9.0 Tf 1 0 0 1 92.64 115.68 Tm <4920> Tj 1 0 0 1 98.16 111.12 Tm <53656520> Tj 1 0 0 1 114.24 111.12 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 129.12 111.12 Tm <4143434320> Tj 1 0 0 1 158.88 111.12 Tm <466978656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 184.56 111.12 Tm <536572766963657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 220.56 111.36 Tm <5265766965772C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 256.32 111.36 Tm <7365636F6E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 286.08 111.60 Tm <706F736974696F6E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 321.12 111.84 Tm <70617065722C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 348.24 111.36 Tm <417072696C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 372.48 111.60 Tm <3230303720> Tj 1 0 0 1 392.40 110.16 Tm <2C20> Tj 1 0 0 1 396.96 112.08 Tm <7020> Tj 1 0 0 1 404.88 111.60 Tm <6969693A20> Tj 1 0 0 1 418.80 115.92 Tm <275B65636F6E6F6D6963616C6C79> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.92 99.60 Tm <656666696369656E7420> Tj 1 0 0 1 127.68 99.60 Tm <666163696C69746965732D626173656420> Tj 1 0 0 1 190.80 99.84 Tm <636F6D7065746974696F6E5D20> Tj 1 0 0 1 244.56 99.60 Tm <616C6C6F777320> Tj 1 0 0 1 272.88 99.84 Tm <726976616C7320> Tj 1 0 0 1 297.36 99.84 Tm <746F20> Tj 1 0 0 1 308.16 99.84 Tm <646966666572656E746961746520> Tj 1 0 0 1 358.80 99.84 Tm <746865697220> Tj 1 0 0 1 380.16 100.08 Tm <736572766963657320> Tj 1 0 0 1 414.72 100.08 Tm <616E6420> Tj 1 0 0 1 431.76 100.08 Tm <636F6D7065746520> Tj 1 0 0 1 468.00 100.32 Tm <6D6F7265> Tj 0.24 Tc 1 0 0 1 91.92 88.08 Tm <7669676F726F75736C7920> Tj 1 0 0 1 137.28 88.08 Tm <6163726F737320> Tj 1 0 0 1 164.64 88.08 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 179.52 88.56 Tm <6772656174657220> Tj 1 0 0 1 209.76 88.32 Tm <656C656D656E747320> Tj 1 0 0 1 247.68 88.08 Tm <6F6620> Tj 1 0 0 1 258.24 88.32 Tm <74686520> Tj 1 0 0 1 273.36 88.32 Tm 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Tm <4D617274696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 359.52 28.56 Tm <43617665> Tj ET endstream endobj 15 0 obj 16753 endobj 16 0 obj << /Length 17 0 R >> stream stocktake of telecommunications regulation and subsqquent legislation. The ԭalso has written of the benefits of maximising economically efficient infrastructurecompetition and of the role of the ladder of investment in achieving that outcome.lThis is despite the fact that the ladder of investment theory remains no more than ahypothesis, as scientific testing of an imprecise proposition of this kind remainsproblematic.In Section 2, I set out the approach in general terms, and in Sections 3-5, I show howit is applicable to the OA exemption decision.2" The ladderIn an earlie, pup"r,2I set out how regulators can encourage infrastructure competitionby creating incentives (positive and negative) for operators to build out closer tocustomers, investing in successively less replicable assets. This account is based onthe normal circumstances in which access is sought by a competitor which has notalready constructed an end-to-end network in the geographical area in which it isseeking access.In summary, the steps involved - as set out in the earlier paper - are as follows:Step l: Rank replicable components of the value chain for relevant products by theirease of replicability as described above. This involves evaluating empiricalevidence or modelling of cost structures.Step 2: Identify where on the ladder all firms (incumbents and entrants) are nowlocated, and choose a point on the ladder which a leading competitor mightrealistically attain. This imposes on the regulator the task of choosing the pointon the ladder at which the intervention should still be applied. This decisionwill be based on an analysis of the scale and prospects of the operators atvarious points, with a bias in favour of what might be described as 'leadingcompetitors', defined as those more advanced in their infrastructure buildingand satisffing a minimum market share criterion. The conventional ladder forbroadband services. to which I revert below. is shown in figure 1. I See the ԭ Fixed Services Review, second position paper, April 2007 , p iii: '[economicallyefficient facilities-based competition] allows rivals to differentiate their services and compete morevigorously across the greater elements of the supply chain.''M Cave 'Encouraging infrastructure investment via the ladder of investment', TelecommunicationsP olicy, 2007, pp. 223 -237, Statement of Professor Martin Cave endstream endobj 17 0 obj 2384 endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 27 >> stream % CANON_PFINF_TYPE0_TEXTON endstream endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 45 >> stream q 595.20 0 0 841.68 0.00 0.00 cm /Obj13 Do Q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.20 841.68 ] /Parent 11 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F3 5 0 R >> /XObject << /Obj13 13 0 R >> /Subtype 16 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Contents [ 18 0 R 19 0 R 14 0 R ] >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 2480 /Height 3507 /BitsPerComponent 1 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 2480 >> /Length 50976 >> stream :VDB-w6ghU{]?_k߯_~׿{G!vS6W,2S3;M3ƙ# " )J9`L(SN9f3΋0@< ʖжבp|!j(P.mia􁑨'bWp@25a 6hC@ ߰A;NnAtvNﺵMi;{A▭+_{\wKmk}_-+u#9"FyD} k}KuH_o쐯audw_u}OC}K[VX`5}mmwֺa&׵mz\%]~c.i~ Om+o 'itV!# [>P҆Inbզ!k +  PKᄴ4a 4ݧC0I/VRN)ؠaP@Da`SAi <  PAbP & ¨NI, %MCR%M_+ m8` 9V:axa0c@A2< ”XaKpF &fPDDDFp"""-DDDDDDDDF\DR}}/MKV [Ka(3_ۨҮi ~%+ɲ'`h1 "Gm3.e 4l#Έ<\3vG8C3n? h 91099P!|k%hMr;dўG n\9CAB+HT?OmN,_ aC"pɅ 4t}{t_n뮌?{~LyNkUwv?K6(" Br?'<'t-F?Qyѱ?" ޓޓu~zn~_G Vza$oV\1t.m'Z 1p q?[K =[a}=O5[uߚֺBt n{Ok·V[?KVKv[J5L /h6$aB:6 T 6j & R$"" !ԃ@!31ז`y"F3h)s#9.|/#f091gDDDDDDDDDDDG r CDr+9H89@\HkAq9nx"cA1rn)sU Y9di9BF4((eyUZ SQL|yh*Yn#/Љa_j#DB a }Mڄ\? @AH?K7Wo_AVLڻ/ÈD߆ nbe0_nåe?/ڛvݭ⮡/WڵM{VB.l6ak  DDDGf,6"_#vGfd_#H#VG `0/G28R89>""""""""""$@8rCG;ed6w&W! 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Step,3: Having identified the rung in the ladder at which intervention should befocused, it is then necessary to determine the likely investment potential ofactual and potential entrants at that point. In order to make this determination,the regulator will have to quantify the scale of the investment required bycompetitors to develop their infrastructure. This will require carefuljudgement.Step 4: Choose the mode of intervention, which can be by price or quantityinstruments -in other words, either based upon rising access prices (relative tocosts), subject to a short transition period where necessary, or upon theprojected withdrawal of mandatory access. There is an extensive economic literature on when price and quantityinstruments should be applied, focusing upon the damage which might arisefrom a mistaken intervention. Where replicability has already beenaccomplished, or is relatively certain, withdrawal of mandated access may bethe better approach.Step 5: Calibrate the intervention. If mandatory access ceases, that is equivalent tomaking a change in the price paid to the former, or a replacement, accessprovider to a commercially negotiated level. This would be infinite if access isnot made available. The variable within regulatory control is thus the date onwhich mandatory access ceases. If a price-based approach is chosen, this can rely upon the well-understoodtheory of option pricing, which is an extension of basic investment theory.According to that basic theory, investment will occur when its expected retumis at least as great as the project's cost of capital, where that cost of capitalincludes an adjustment for risk. It may seem that an access charging regimebased on long-run incremental cost (LRIC) plus cornmon cost, using anappropriate asset-specific cost of capital, would then send the correct 'make otbuy' signals to other operators. However, this ignores the fact that competitorswhose access is mandated always have the option of continuing to buy.Undertaking an investment in conditions of uncertainty and sunk costs carries Statement of Professor Martin Cave endstream endobj 25 0 obj 2131 endobj 26 0 obj << /Length 27 >> stream % CANON_PFINF_TYPE0_TEXTON endstream endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 45 >> stream q 595.20 0 0 841.68 0.00 0.00 cm /Obj21 Do Q endstream endobj 28 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.20 841.68 ] /Parent 11 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F3 5 0 R >> /XObject << /Obj21 21 0 R >> /Subtype 24 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Contents [ 26 0 R 27 0 R 22 0 R ] >> endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 2480 /Height 3507 /BitsPerComponent 1 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 2480 >> /Length 51198 >> stream ,لvؼRSYe[d 240I0vDt pD}p %]#D}{H0c&ň }zh>^wT4D#Lu~֩uTKo* A9#y"'DtP?ڮv" 3QLNE_8Fdu*A haOC?)F2:t~5#R<2tj3Z8d!D+Qe^H3uD=fGl!ᑁB &0S M4N0Ti7 "-*qEQ |y2@@6`|@A-0 0@Ph8L Bh0B a_C 4h4c Q dr2 R< „„>PM0A">*A0m¨0[uN=Sﯦ=zM۽=?=?]t{z^~ՅGIk֫tn_J1O}uwT^_Q?: ^l?CKa_^$?K_aZ `&/~q~!z 0þ 8nu om?_o.X }oV/pܷ֗_l/OvC[B_$*⬐l?pw'K>۬WH_^HOd}eժ}nMͮ_ۊu׿7Z]uUҿ{밷_ivv__t{Xa(aX5x ]Yz݄B#'[?0ߧJ $^[[?vcm-l-6#lS׵m$'\Ti{MB#߷ueMkZ]^ yˎb 6i [!GNB:jLt{QBT׷5i{^"j±60UҵnK,wv6 A!R{0AA6MU&04M;I;M4h0 Am1QXAA( m1AtauAa1MBM0MU-a`a00'A4" VDatG0 4M6!݆ &$MaMM%[0 @P vGNnOT0AQNaH0B0h$0B a ^ "FttDE!X""""""")tZ_`tT)=mT a"l,"U@HJhK嘪uv"; hFv) &dae(!L)04AS ZaBaBѝ#Yڮp48piZ~}zW}}/Vp>m||q:/K_TEm;%DSC22v gDm!ȀDlP@ d|E00#& 3Y٪5">d6Kel2Xy B&՞0D=!<ȴ#9 5&(L&`M0L* *t36F:Hy&D) `Z! & ͊xaX(" '2w 0PL"a 4zxOL*i͞^4-辢`4P":L  4& _ 5 L.$;AMpj]r IlN#W#ǫ}6Eհ{ZtȮnn֖t>lպ}om mM7Vz4}jJׄ :i5_OOޭ_i-WCik^iW__Su~wu[t~KA41-]i:K-N_%,EMtX wq ~W_ + ZK` /~[''t ,_ú5~&_}~ߠO}3|"oIN/'DizA?K% a_ _tm/_l7]%mIW]߆ߥUߥ~={}RR޿ҿ|?i}w!twUv뱿ZH]}?_nuݲB _Rl^_6[(VP[JvO[Zֺ5iknyZPV aKi[ji}K۫][K}k׵ZJ].j?{[V*a=00 + -z a~Ժ㴯.Zqp҄iZUp&pm-S )u{R?18a!+"}C.nN#J!G $ta:STȑd 4ȑVm&L8jPH6L[ktƃX{"V0IA2ȐaAa4Sj &40L+PPM0d#i0iv d ꩬ GIM1A E&r-j44];R*Kp@ L'L4 VL ‚i5Ta'm4[A}TL uuB""""4"0…,p& hL͐gpDtD4H 怍N]V" !C!"""""""""%a  sq\DDqDDq_ JT L1Yʣb#y-L(*  BEh8pw!a7_!BA3A!"(cN xP x&aA` L `0M.8Dahð B &p¦\4EUE: Fi6N`ɜZG sC./jpzdwIIjGt\ޟm"dtV鿧][dM}o't%Wo___Zv?{{_ֿQ]?^u_UaW5aMD~ ~O ZzA*{$&+_d,_[_Va{{[[[K?z_mta*=y`ӵ^KNnڬvmͥb .qm5!Ga$JTi'G,0:, ސa"D iLm1QM`bB Il:ji Z &׆ m(pД0D)I!vShhDGE!z_ȘM.0A# Eh! 挞!#"WFvX& &96Zv(AaBWDaNpڠ݄CTh:ZbEM>4P]o~K]}UBS~WmsF@yG,)H)Sp8FdH!GzP|%2RPd/MR63DCCSS `0A0A0PL& B G : ¦Bz@jOL ¨A7npiT+(xM5E .Zh¦ꋶ [-:.%ӥ Ƌ/(su= h l1E˘@qdZ/ 2Ѓa/|>M`7N"鴵G\`|2>"pd|_\27߰ȸkzWvIi?7֓OM> mޛ6l}]%併w om%OMVס_o<?(Z~ޖ_km- ׭{Zi_ ۥZ/au,NZ*KHIW ./)?鴴.꿯AWi}RbuB!!F۲B_(]B_~WI?մ~NIWުN.a-mm %_ %]&v ZBmzUkwٍmeVZ[I5dm" * J --QiZWm~BK8;0m:a$i M4 =4m mC 0H4׆iA1A#pa頃iA6b`BAD}mtMA L(~a4Pj A@ʄBt =4>X0A00h0 X Ĉ@0ApDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDFDEF"#B""""/RhJ{U: $GL*arc&專)Dv~ U\b;v^ #d-0ASeP">8?Z888M"B  FQ#6:: Qd:_834نh!@R\! 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To persuade acompetitor to invest, the access price must cover the competitors' cost ofsupply and the value of the option.Step 6: Make a credible commitment to the policy. It is noteworthy that this approach requires active management by theregulator: it is not a policy of continuous 'easy access', but one of 'toughlove' in which competitors are chiwied up the ladder by price incentives orthe expectation of withdrawal of the more comprehensive access productscorresponding to the lower rungs of the ladder. It is likely to be the case thatcompetitors will have a natural incentive to delay investment as long aspossible, particularly if they believe that access prices will continue toimprove. Regulators will need to consider whether at some point a decision tocease mandating supply of a regulated access product may prove moreeffective.Consistency in the management of the ladder is also important. Incentives tomove up the ladder can be muddled if pricing for individual access services(i.e. separate rungs on the ladder) are re-set in isolation with limited analysisof their inter-relationship with the pricing of other services on the ladder.3. The ladder relevant to voice calls and accessI now go on to show how the approach can be applied to the services for which anexemption is now sought. Most discussion of the policy is in relation to thepromotion of infrastructure competition in broadband. However, the same approachcan be used with voice calls. where the relevant ladder is as shown in figure 2.' Figure 2.In this ladder the most replicable activity is that of retailing local calls and accessbased on the equivalent complete wholesale products local call service (LCS) andwholesale line rental (WLR). This supply involves a capability for billing andmarketing in respect of which barriers to entry are very limited. 3 Termination does not frgure in this list as in the calling party pays world it is treated as a bottleneckservice which a competitor cannot realistically aspire to provide. 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This relates to the carriage of telephone calls from the callingparty to a point of interconnection with an access seeker's network. The calls inquestion are national long distance voice calls, intemational calls and fixed to mobilecalls (originating only).4 I understand that such a service can be provided in the formof minutes or in the form of capacity. In Australia, the former version is generallyutilised.Alternatively, climbing a nrng, a competitor can simply lease an unconditioned localloop service (ULLS) or a line sharing service (LSS)" In this event, the access seekerwill simply be leasing a passive component from the incumbent and providing theactual components of the origination and conveyance of the call itself. Whereas insome countries (notably Germany), ULLS has been used to provide analogue voiceservice alone, in Australia, those seeking access to local loops typically offer either ananalogue voice service together with broadband, or offer VoIP calls as part of abroadband service provided over high frequency parts of the copper.'Finally, a competitor can install an end-to-end network and become whollyindependent ofany rival in the provision ofaccess or a call (except in respect ofterminating calls on a competing network). The rival network can rely upon a varietyof technologies, including HFC, fibre, and fixed and mobile wireless services.o4. The nature of the proposed exemptionThe exemption is sought in all Band 1 exchange service areas (ESAs) and for a totalof 387 ESAs in Band 2, each characterised by the presence within it of at least oneULLS-based competitor which has installed DSLAMs. I understand from DrPaterson's report of 4 October 2007 that, as of August 2007, the percentage of the 387Band 2 ESAs, to which Telstra's current exemption application applies, with at least 2comp_etitor DSLAMs present was 84o/o, and the proportion with three or more was620A.'Dr. Paul Paterson justifies the application for an exemption in Band 1 and in selectedESAs in Band 2 as follows: 'In Band 1, there is a preponderance of competing access infrastructure,including fibre loops, wireless links and extensive DSLAM deployment.'In Band 2,currently ULLS, and to a lesser extent HFC and other competingnetworks, enable the replication of downstream services which PSTN OA isused to provide in the Exemption area.Furtherrnore, there are no apparentimpediments to retailers commencing to use , or increasing their use of , theseclose substitutes.' 85. The proposed exemption viewedfrom the standpoint of the ladder of investment o ԭ, Fixed Services Review: a second position paper, April 2007 , p.19.t Paterson Statement 4 October 2007, p. 18.u Paterson Statement 4 October 2007,p.22-3.t Paterson Statement 4 October 2007, p.28.t Paterson Statement 4 October 2007. p.70. 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The analysis should bemade in a forward-looking way. If this condition is satisfied, then there is no need tomandate access as the market for the relevant access product (including self-supplywhere appropriate) is effectively competitive.'Dr. Paterson's report identifies a number of providers of functional substitutes forPSTN OA:-alternative fixed networks, including: -Optus's HFC network, which is capable of providing end-to-end voice serviceto 195 of the 387 ESAs for which exemption is sought;-other HFC networks; lo-optical fibre loops in Band 1 areas;1r-mobile-wireless networks; 12-fixed wireless networks, which have^a wide coverage in metropolitan areas, andseveral of which offer VoIP service;"-microwave links, operators of which in Central Business District areas provideservices, including voice services, to major clients.laThese providers are in addition to the ULLS/DSLAM-based competitive servicesnoted in Section 4 above.In my opinion, all of these services are capable of providing a competitive constrainton Telstra as a provider of voice services, from either inside or outside the market.From the perspective of the ladder, the issue for the Commission can be construed asdeciding whether withdrawal of PSTN OA as a mandated service in the exemptionarea will or will not impose short-term costs on end-users which outweigh the long-term gains to them to be expected from enhanced infrastructure competition.In my opinion, while it is possible that in some circumstances, granting the exemptionwill cause inconvenience to some end-users, whose service may be withdrawn oraltered, the retail market for fixed calls and access, and the wholesale markets whichunderpin it, have reached a stage where those losses are likely to be small, and whereeffective competition for the retail market can be anticipated with confidence, if theexemption is granted. " This is one of a number of possible definitions of effective competition.10.,.,'- IDtd.,p.2L.t' Ibid., pp.24-6.'." Ibid.,p.2l." Ibid..o.22.t4 lbid.,p.22.. 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<50726F666573736F7220> Tj 1 0 0 1 329.76 29.04 Tm <4D617274696E20> Tj 1 0 0 1 359.76 29.04 Tm <43617665> Tj ET endstream endobj 55 0 obj 6131 endobj 56 0 obj << /Length 57 0 R >> stream Reverting to the question which I am asked to address, I consider that granting theexemption will encourage infrastructure investment in the form of competitorsbuilding out to the local exchange and installing DSLAMs there. This will promotecompetition in voice services, where competitors will fuither climb the ladder set outin figure 2. It will also encourage infrastructure competition in the provision ofbroadband services,t' as shown in figure 1 above, as the same investment will takecompetition to the ULLS/LSS rung in both ladders.I thus conclude that granting the exemption has the capability of enhancing, and canreasonably be expected to enhance, infrastructure competition in the provision of bothvoice and broadband services" Martin Cave30 May 2008 t' Which I understand are "listed services" under the Trade Practices Act. 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